Speech Analysis -- essays research papers

This is the discourse conveyed by President Bill Clinton at the yearly White House petition breakfast on Friday, September 11, 1998, to a crowd of people of in excess of 100 pastors, clerics and different strict pioneers. First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton was additionally in participation. The discourse, written in long hand by the president, was conveyed toward the start of a day of huge political and individual strife encompassing the distribution of the principal report to Congress by Independent Counsel Ken Starr. The Starr Report, distributed on the Internet around 2 p.m. on Friday, laid the reason for conceivable denunciation of the president, blaming Clinton for prevarication, obstacle of equity and different offenses regarding his sexual issue with previous White House assistant Monica Lewinsky. On the off chance that the President did in reality compose this location himself, I am exceptionally intrigued with his relational abilities. Over and over all through the discourse, Clinton bids to the easy-going nature of each one of those tuning in. Inside the initial hardly any initial sentences, the President figures out how to pick up compassion by saying that he â€Å"was up rather late reasoning and asking about what he should say†. Through a mix of this and expressing that he himself composed the discourse, he has just picked up help structure his crowd †which can establish the pace for how they will respond to the rest of what he needs to state.      President Clinton at that point proceeds with his endeavor to put himself on a similar ground as the American publi...

Islam and Terrorism

List of chapters: Acknowledgment Chapter - 1. 1Introduction Chapter 2. 1Islam 2. 2 Muslim 2. 3 Concept Of Islam 2. 4 Pillars Of Islam 2. 5 Concept Of JIHAD In Islam Chapter 3. 1Terrorism 3. 2 Elements Of Terrorism 3. 3 Types Of Terrorism 3. 4 Terrorist? 3. 5 Al-Qaeda 3. 6 Another Phase Chapter 4. 1 Islam and psychological warfare Chapter 5. 1Different Incidents 5. 1 9/11 5. 2 The Madrid Bombing 5. 3 The London Bombing 5. 4 Bombay Attack Chapter 6. 1Conclusion CHAPTER 1. 1 INTRODUCTION: Terrorism is an exceptionally huge and the most talked about point in the contemporary universe of worldwide legislative issues. Despite the fact that it was being talked about certainly before 9/11, however the distinction after 9/11 is that presently even a layman in the most remote piece of the world is examining it. There were times when individuals would state that we don't follow politicsâ or we don't engage in legislative issues. Be that as it may, presently I figure nobody can flee from it, it is a piece of everyone's lives, it is a piece of our lives †so we better beginning living with it. Fear mongering is an old marvels it over the time took various shapes. Today fear mongering has taken an extremely confused and risky structure. Islam is a religion and a total code of life and absolutely pair psychological oppression. In current situations the essential explanation of fear based oppression isn't Islam yet global governmental issues and national enthusiasm of the countries of the world. What's more, world forces use it as a steady columns. ‘‘Islam isn't a wellspring of psychological oppression yet its solution’’ Here we examine Islam and Terrorism and the current marvels of purported Islamic dread. This is currently days at the highest point of the global motivation. That is on the grounds that the individuals who develop and complete demonstrations of psychological warfare for the sake of Islam. Furthermore, the individuals who condemn these demonstrations , speak to a minuscule minority in the realm of Islam. Neglecting to comprehend Islam which is religion of harmony and equity hello make it a device of psychological warfare. Truth be told from the most recent couple of hundreds of years Muslim have been supposed to be answerable for savagery by western powers and their partners. Also, then again Islam And then again Islam rejects to react to brutality with viciousness. Actually Islam propose to react to abhorrent with goodness. Section - 2. 1 Islam What Does â€Å"Islam† Mean? The word â€Å"Islam† itself implies â€Å"Submission to Allah. The religion of Islam isn't named after an individual as on account of â€Å"Christianity† which was named after Jesus Christ, â€Å"Buddhism† after Gutama Buddha , â€Å"Marxism† after Karl Marx, and â€Å"Confucianism† after Confucius. Likewise, Islam isn't named after a clan like â€Å"Juda ism† after the clan of Judah and â€Å"Hinduism† after the Hindus. The Arabic word â€Å"Islam† implies the accommodation or give up of one's will to the desire of the main genuine god deserving of love, â€Å"Allah†. 2. 2 Muslim Anyone who does for sure submit to the desire of Allah as required by Islam is named a â€Å"Muslim,† which implies one who has submitted to the desire of Allah. Numerous individuals in the West have built up the dismal deceived pattern of calling Islam â€Å"Muhammadenism† and it's supporters â€Å"Muhammadins. † This is an absolutely remote word to Muslims and unrecognized by them. No Muslim has ever called his religion â€Å"Muhammadenism† or considered himself a â€Å"Muhammadin. † 2. 3 Concept Of Islam: Islam instructs us that this life is an existence of love. We are put in on this planet in request to love Allah and comply with His order. During this natural life we are exposed to a progression of preliminaries. We have the alternative of persevering through these preliminaries and adjusting to specific laws, and our prize will be incredible in the following life, or we may decay to bear these preliminaries and decide to not comply with the law, at that point we will be made to think twice about it in the following life. Not at all like some different religions which guarantee that God entered in an agreement with a specific gathering of individuals and that this gathering is hereditarily superior to all other people, or closer to God, Islam then again instructs that no shading, race, clan, or ancestry is better than some other. â€Å"O mankind! Verily! We have made you from a male and female, and have made you countries and clans that you may know each other. Verily! the noblest among you in seeing Allah is the most God-dreading. Verily! Allah is The Knower, The Aware. † The respectable Qur'an, Al-Hujrat(49):13. 2. 4 Pillars Of Islam: (1) To shoulder observer that there is no element deserving of love aside from Allah(God) alone, and that Muhammad (pbuh) was His errand person. This builds up submission to God Almighty alone. (2) To perform five endorsed petitions to God consistently as indicated by a particular recommended technique and at explicit recommended times. This ceaselessly reminds us to shoulder God as a top priority in all activities, either previously or after some random petition. (3) To pay more than two percent (2. 5%) of ones riches to noble cause each year if their investment funds surpass a specific least level which is considered over the neediness level. (This is the essential idea, the genuine count is somewhat more intricate). (4) To quick the long stretch of Ramadhan (from the Islamic Lunar schedule) each year from sun ascend until dusk. This includes not eating, drinking, or having conjugal relations, from sun ascend until sun set. 5) To play out a journey to Makkah (in the Arabian Peninsula) once in a Muslim's lifetime in the event that it is monetarily conceivable and their wellbeing licenses. During this period, Muslims originate from everywhere throughout the world to combine for six days in an endorsed set of demonstrations of love. Every single Muslim man are ordered to wear a similar piece of clothing which was int ended to be exceptionally plain, basic, and modest to get. 2. 5 Concept Of JIHAD In Islam: in the Arabic language the word â€Å"Jihad† actually implies, â€Å"to strive,† and â€Å"to battle. † Some Muslim researchers further characterize Jihad into following classes: 1. Jihad-a nafs or Jihad against one’s self; 2. Jihad debris shaitaan or Jihad against Satan; 3. Jihad al-kuffar or Jihad against skeptic; 4. Jihad al-munafiqeen or Jihad against posers; 5. Jihad al-faasiqeen or Jihad against degenerate Muslims. Qur’an-(9:5):â â â€Å"But when the illegal months are past, at that point battle and kill the agnostics any place ye discover them, And hold onto them, ambush them, and lie in hang tight for them in each trick (of war) ; yet in the event that they atone (acknowledge Islam) and build up normal petitions and practices standard foundation at that point open the path for them; for God is oft-sympathetic, Most Merciful. Qur’an-(8:65):â â€Å" O Apostle ! Awaken the devotees to the battle, if there are twenty among you, quiet and driving forward , they will vanquish 200; if a hundred, they will vanquish a thousand of the unbelievers; for these are a people without comprehension. † CHAPTER 3. 1 Terrorism: Acts of unla wful savagery and war. Psychological oppression is anything but another marvels, its is as old as making of man. It appeared when without precedent for the historical backdrop of humankind somebody threatened others to pick up his motivation. With the progression of time headway in the strategies and methods made fear mongering progressively confounded and sly. Psychological oppression is characterized as a mean of expanding terrorizing in a precise manner by governments, gatherings or people to increase different political, strict and ideological destinations. The specialists on psychological oppression concur that fear mongering is a structure mode to spread brutality and panic individuals with reason for increasing political, ideological and strict points. 3. 2 Elements Of Terrorism: There are four components of psychological warfare: ? Brutality, force(83. 5%) ? Political(65%) ? Dread, accentuation on terror(51%) ? Threats(47%) ? Mental impacts and foreseen reaction(41. 5) ? Purposeful, arranged, precise, sorted out action(32%) ? Techniques for battle, system, tactics(30. 5%) 3. 3 Types Of Terrorism: ? Bio-Terrorism ? Concoction Terrorism ? Digital Terrorism ? Atomic Terrorism ? Strict Terrorism 3. 4 Terrorist? Psychological militant are those gathering of individuals who submits demonstrations of brutality to create dread, or bother or debilitate or humiliate government security powers. Such gatherings debilitate remote venture, or help programs that can influence the objective country’s economy. There are around 30 association include in fear based oppressor exercises all through the world. Al-Qaeda is the fundamental system of psychological militant as per American research organization. 3. 5 Al-Qaeda After removal from Saudi Arabia, Osama container Laden( pioneer of Al-Qaeda) built up central command for al-Qaeda in Khartoum, Sudan. The main activities of al-Qaeda against American interests were assaults on U. S. servicemen in Somalia. Osama Bin Laden is on the American Federal Bureau of Investigation's rundown of FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives for his conceivable contribution with the around 1998 bombings of the United States Embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Nairobi, Kenya. 3. 6 Another Phase Some fear monger gatherings, for example, Hamas and Hezbollah have restricted their demonstrations to confined districts of the Middle East, while others, remarkably Al-Qaeda, have a universal extension for their psychological oppressor exercises. Bombings An inexorably well known strategy utilized by fear based oppressors is self destruction besieging. This strategy is utilized against regular folks, troopers, and government authorities of the systems the psychological militants restrict. The utilization of self destruction planes is seen by numerous Muslims as opposing to Islam's teachings;[weasel words] be that as it may, bunches who bolster its utilization frequently allude to such assaults as â€Å"martyrdom perations† and the self destruction aircraft who submit them as â€Å"martyrs† (Arabic: shuhada, plural of â€Å"shahid†). The aircraft, and their supporters frequently accept that self destruction planes, as saints to the reason for jihad against the ad versary, will get the prizes of heaven for their activities. Self destruction assault A self destruction assault (otherwise called self destruction besieging) is an assault I

Mozilla Firefox 4 Should Be Set For Release Any Day Now

Mozilla Firefox 4 Should Be Set For Release Any Day Now Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Mozilla Firefox 4 Should Be Set For Release Any Day NowUpdated On 17/04/2017Author : PeterTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozlFE4 CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogJanuary 25, Firefox officially released beta 10 of its upcoming web browser. Although it’s already been delayed by a fair while, this beta should be removing most of the bugs and code errors that they’ve been trying to clear since the previous beta’s  meaning that the new Firefox 4 should be released to the public any day now.In case you haven’t heard about what’s been going on behind Mozilla for the past while, Firefox 4 is taking a huge step up from its previous 3.6 version. Sporting heaps of new features and developments which has been described as being the next step for Mozilla towards taking over the browser market.Firefox 4 brings Mozilla to Mozilla 2The new features that have bee n developed into Firefox 4 have been described as what will take Mozilla towards version 2. A re-invented browser interface, this new and upcoming version of Firefox integrates the features that were planned out in previous versions but not completely added. So now we are going to have an amazing web browser that is jam packed with features to improve your online experience. Here’s a closer look at them now.Some of the major features of Firefox 4:A re-designed browser interface:The new Firefox interface brings the tab bare to above the navigation pane. Just like in chrome and opera, Firefox now shares a similar interface. This version also takes advantage of Windows Aero to make things just that little bit better.READEmail and Internet Security [Simple Guide]Hardware acceleration:Now taking full advantage of hardware acceleration. Firefox 4 will make use of hardware elements such as the GPU to deliver a much faster and responsive web experience. Html 5 support and the likes are al l included.Crash protection:This new version of Firefox will support crash protection, meaning that separate functions such as adobe flash and Microsoft Silverlight will not bring your browser down if they stop functioning.A few of the reasons to get ready:I haven’t seen a major update from Mozilla in a long time so this is something that I’m certainly looking forward too. I’m not a chrome fan and I think that Firefox offers many more features and customizations than any of the other browsers do offer. This update is certainly not one you should miss.This guest article is written by Peter, a 15 year old blogger from Australia and the owner behind ideas bubble. If you wish to write for HBB, kindly check this.

John Steinbeck s The Grapes Of Wrath And Jeannette Walls

Family Matters Different circumstances shape people into who they will become. This is relevant in both books, John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath and Jeannette Walls’ The Glass Castle. Both the Joad and Walls families faced adversities but made it through them stronger. The two families move from place to place and greatly struggled financially. The value of family and lessons that can be learned from them is prevalent in both novels. The attributes that enabled both the Joad and Walls families to endure in the face of adversities are perseverance, faith, and their devotion to each other. The Glass Castle and The Grapes of Wrath portrayed families who both acquired a common trait of perseverance. Both the Joad and Walls families struggled financially. They shared the challenge of caring for a family, while on the road. They sometimes had to do odd jobs to make ends meet, but they faced life with determination and perseverance. When Granma Joad, from The Grapes of Wrath, died in Ma’s arms, Ma did not make them stop the car. Ma drove for hours with Granma dead in her arms because she knew she could not delay the family. â€Å"I tol’ Granma we couldn’ help her. The family had ta get acrost. I tol’ her when she was a-dyin’. We couldn’ stop in the desert† (Steinbeck 228). Ma was determined to reach the border with the family, even a death in the family could not restrain her. The Walls family shows similar attributes of determination throughout the book. When Jeannette Walls’Show MoreRelatedJohn Steinbeck s The Grape s Of Wrath And Jeannette Walls954 Words   |  4 Pagespeople into who they will become. This is relevant in both books, John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath and Jeannette Walls’ The Glass Castle. Both the Joad and Walls families faced adversities but makes it through them stronger. The two families move from place to place and greatly struggle financially. The value of family and lessons that can be learned from them is prevalent in both novels. The attributes that enable both the Joad and Walls families to endure in the face of adversities are perseverance John Steinbeck s The Grapes Of Wrath And Jeannette Walls Family Matters Different circumstances shape people into who they will become. This is relevant in both books, John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath and Jeannette Walls’ The Glass Castle. Both the Joad and Walls families faced adversities but makes it through them stronger. The two families move from place to place and greatly struggle financially. The value of family and lessons that can be learned from them is prevalent in both novels. The attributes that enable both the Joad and Walls families to endure in the face of adversities are perseverance, faith, and their devotion to each other. The Glass Castle and The Grapes of Wrath portrayes families who both acquire a common trait of perseverance. Both the Joad and Walls families struggle financially. They share the challenge of caring for a family, while on the road. They sometimes had to do odd jobs to make ends meet, but they face life with determination and perseverance. When Granma Joad, from The Grapes of Wrath, dies in Ma’s arms, Ma does t make them stop the car. Ma drives for hours with Granma dead in her arms because she knew she could not delay the family. â€Å"I tol’ Granma we couldn’ help her. The family had ta get acrost. I tol’ her when she was a-dyin’. We couldn’ stop in the desert† (Steinbeck 228). Ma, determined to reach the border with the family; even a death in the family could not restrain her. The Walls family shows similar attributes of determination throughout the book. When Jeannette Walls’ fatherShow MoreRelatedJohn Steinbeck s The Grape s Of Wrath And Jeannette Walls951 Words   |  4 Pagesinto who they will become. This is relevant in both books, John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath and Jeannette Walls’ The Glass Castle. Both the Joad and Walls families faced adversities but made it through them stronger. The two families move from place to place and greatly struggled financially. The value of family and lessons that can be learned from them is prevalent in both novels. The attributes that enabled both the Joad and Walls families to endure in the face of adversities are perseverance

Incomes Can Invested Operating Assets Retire Debt Shareholders Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2343 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION Incomes are earned by successful companies. These incomes can be invested in operating assets, used to retire debt or repurchase shares, or distributed to shareholders in the form of dividends. When investors buy an ordinary share in a company, they become a shareholder of the business and to that extent they will have certain entitlements, including the right to receive dividend payments. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Incomes Can Invested Operating Assets Retire Debt Shareholders Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Dividends are defined as a form of rational income distribution offering to shareholders (Baker et al, 2007). Dividends are a way for companies to reward shareholders for their investment and risk-bearing. Besides, dividends also give shareholders additional returns in addition to capital gains. Normally, dividends will be distributed in the form of cash, though it can also come in the form of stock dividends. Dividends are decided upon and declared by the board of directors. Nevertheless, this pay-out is not guaranteed and the amount that shareholders will receive varies from company to company and year to year. Generally, there are two types of cash dividends, which are interim dividends and final dividends. Interim dividends are declared and distributed before the companys annual earnings are known. These interim dividends are paid out of undistributed profits brought from previous periods. A company may choose to pay interim dividends quarterly or half yearly as long as it has adequate undistributed profits brought forward from previous periods. These dividends usually accompany the companys interim financial statements. On the other hand, final dividends are declared at the end of the financial period at the time when the directors are aware of the companys profitability and financial health. Normally, final dividends are declared before the books are closed and will be paid the following year. Thus final dividends will appear as dividends payable or proposed dividends under current liabilities in the balance sheet of that period. In Malaysia, companies are free to decide when and how much to pay out in dividends for a specific financial business year as long as they comply with the Companies Act, 1965. According to Section 365 of the Act, No dividend shall be payable to the shareholders of any company except out of profits or pursuant to Section 60. In other words, the Act requires that dividends of a company can only be distributed from the profits of the company except pursuant to Section 60 of the Act. Besides, the unique characteristic of dividends in Malaysia is the tax exemption feature. With effect from the year of assessment 2008, a single-tier income tax system will replace the imputation system. Under the imputation system, a Malaysian resident company is required to deduct taxes at the prevailing corporate tax rate on taxable dividends paid to its shareholders. This tax is already accounted for through the tax paid by the company on its taxable profits, which is accumulated as dividend franking credits (Section 108 credits). When shareholders receive taxable dividends, they are entitled to a tax credit for the tax already paid by the company in respect of the income. Those credits are then used to offset the shareholders tax liability. However, under the single-tier system, profits are only taxed at the company level; thus, dividends paid under this system will be tax-exempt in the hands of shareholders. Since Modigliani and Millers seminal studies (1958, 1961), dividend policy has been an issue of great interest in the finance literature. Following their irrelevance dividend policy hypothesis many explanations have been provided in order to solve the so-called dividend puzzle. Despite a large body of literature on dividends and payout policy, researchers have yet to reach a consensus on why firms pay dividends and what determines the payout ratio. Some of the theoretical principles underlying the dividend policy of firms can be described either in terms of information asymmetries, the tax-adjusted theory, or behavioral factors. The information asymmetries encompass several aspects, including the signaling models, agency costs and the free cash flow hypothesis. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT Dividends are payments made by a company to its shareholders, usually after a company earns a profit. Thus, dividends are not considered as a business expense but are a sharing of recognized assets among shareholders. Dividends are either paid regularly or can be called out anytime. Consequently, a dividend policy is a set of company rules and guidelines used to decide how much the company will pay out to its shareholders. Dividend policy is an essential financial decision made by the board of directors and the management and this decision is one of the fundamental components of corporate policy. Dividend policy has been viewed as an issue of interest in the financial literature and one of the most controversial topics in finance. Despite a large body of literature on dividends and payout policy, researchers have yet to reach a consensus on why firms pay dividends and what determines the payout ratio. The extent literature on dividend payout ratios provides firms with no generally accepted prescription for the level of dividend payment that will maximize share value. Some researchers believe that dividends increase shareholder wealth (Gordon, 1959) while many others believe otherwise. Miller and Modigliani (1961) in their irrelevant dividend hypothesis, asserts that under perfect market conditions, characterized among others by the non-existence of taxes, transaction costs and asymmetric information, dividends are irrelevant since shareholders can create homemade dividends by selling a portion of their portfolio of equitiesÂÂ  if they want cash and that there is a tradeo ff between current dividends and future capital gain. Taking into consideration various capital market imperfections, a considerable amount of theory and model are suggested to explain the dividend policy of companies. Signaling models are based on the assumption that managers have more information about the companys future cash flow than do individuals outside the company, and they have incentives to signal that information to investors (Gugler, 2003). Unexpected changes in dividend policy are used to mitigate information asymmetries between managers and owners (Frankfurter and Wood Jr., 2002). On the other hand, agency theory posits that by distributing resources in the form of cash dividends, internally generated cash flows are no longer sufficient to satisfy the needs of the companies. As a result, companies will visit the capital market more frequently for financing needs, thereby bring them under the greater scrutiny of the capital market (Easterbrook, 1984). Therefore, the payment of dividends provides the incentive for managers to reduce the costs associated with the principal/agent relationship. Agency theory seeks to explain corporate capital structure as a result of attempts to maximize shareholder wealth since dividends can act as a bonding mechanism to reduce the agency costs arising from the conflict between managers and shareholders. Starting with Jensen and Meckling (1976), researchers have been addressing the agency problem in finance from many angles. Nowadays, extensive research has been carried out regarding the issue of agency costs of dividends and the standard findings shows that dividends mitigate the free cash flow and therefore limit the managers ability to enlarge his or her own perks. However, this finding is still inconclusive since other studies have questioned the validity of this finding. For example, Noronha et al. (1996) had regressed five factors as a proxy for agency costs on the dividend payout ratio, but they found that the dividend policy is not the product of an attempt to mitigate the free cash flow problem. Agency costs happen because of conflicts of interest between agents and shareholders. Therefore, agency costs are zero in a 100% owner-managed firm. As a companys ownership structure changes and ownership is separated from control, incentive alignment problems become more important. It is assumed that if managers and shareholders are left alone, they will attempt to act in his or her own self-interest. Self-motivated management behavior includes direct expropriation of funds by the manager, consumption of excessive perquisites, shirking and suboptimal investment. The nature of monitoring and bonding contracts, the managers taste for no pecuniary benefits and the cost of replacing the manager make the actual magnitude and impact of this self-seeking behavior vary across company and country (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). Agency theory has also brought various external and internal monitoring and bonding mechanisms to the forefront of theoretical discussion and empirical research. Recent studies emphasize the potential conflicts of interest between controlling shareholders and other shareholders. For example, Shleifer and Vishny (1997), Faccio et al. (2001) and Holderness (2003) argued that when large owners gain nearly full control of the corporation, they prefer to generate private benefits of control that are not shared by minority shareholders. Hence, firms with large controlling shareholders may exhibit a different type of agency conflict, namely the expropriation of minority shareholders by majority shareholders. On the other hand, in the presence of large shareholders, managerial discretion can be restrained to some extent and agency costs between managers and shareholders are reduced because large shareholders have the ability and the incentives to monitor and discipline management (Shleifer a nd Vishny, 1986). However, this would imply a lesser role for corporate payout policy to address agency problems between corporate insiders and outside shareholders. Despite a great deal of prior research on the subject, few studies investigated the agency and ownership-based explanations of dividend policy. It is also important to note that the extent to which the companys dividend payout policy is effective in reducing the expected agency costs may also depend on its ownership and control structure. Nevertheless, one study by Mat Nor and Sulong (2007) had examined the relationship between ownership structure and dividends in Malaysia. They had used four types of ownership, namely ownership concentration, government ownership, foreign ownership and managerial ownership. However, their findings show a low explanatory power (between 0.118 and 0.124). On the other hand, a study in UK by Short, Zhang and Keasey (2002) that examined the link between corporate dividend policy and the ownership of shares by institutional investors and managers, using four models of dividend policy, the full adjustment model, the partial adjustment model, the Waud model and the earnings trend model found a very high explanatory power (between 0.843 and 0.993). Their study is the first example of using well-established dividend payout models to examine the potential association between ownership structures and dividend policy. These four models, which describe the adjustment of dividends to changes in several measures of corporate earnings, have been modified by the addition of dummy variables representing institutional and managerial ownership, in order to determine whether the presence of the specific classes of investors in the ownership structure affect the process of determination of the level of the earnings that are being distributed. Thus, this situation brings up a question whether it is true that ownership structure has a low impact on corporate dividend policy in Malaysia. Therefore, this study attempts to examine the hypothesized relationship between corporate dividend policy and the various types of ownership structure by using dividen d payout models. 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY Main Objective: To investigate the adoption of agency costs theory in explaining dividend policy in Malaysian listed companies. Specific Objective: To examine the relationship between various ownership structures based agency cost proxies on dividend policy. To identify which agency cost proxy is dominant in influencing dividend policy over the company. To identify which dividend model is superior in explaining the corporate dividend policy with variables associated with ownership structures. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study contributes to the growing body of survey research on dividend policy. For example, the current study not only updates previous research by Mat Nor and Sulong (2007) but is also applied in a different model, namely, the Full Adjustment Model, the Partial Adjustment Model and the Waud Model. These three types of dividend models had been modified to account for the possible effect of ownership structure and dividend policy. This study utilizes these three types of dividend models since it was found from previous research that dividend models can have the significant effect on ownership structure. In addition, this study is expected to support the agency theory, especially in explaining the ownership structure policy to reduce agency conflict. Consequently, this study would assist each ownership class to understand the explanation of the agency relationship. Shareholders with respect to stock investment in companies should be concerned with the agency conflict between ownership classes. Therefore, shareholders should justify that dividend policies are better control mechanisms for the agency conflict. Lastly, this study is also important in helping policy makers and companies to appropriately address the issues of agency costs. 1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The main limitation of this study is that the data period covers only on the year 2007. The shorter period of study may not be representative of the way companies operate their business cycle. Thus, a longer period of study might be good to provide better results for this research. The data for ownership structure was gathered from the list of the thirty largest shareholders disclosed in the company annual report. Consequently, the data may not be representative of the entire company. The study only covers 150 public-listed companies in the selected sectors. Hence, the results cannot be treated as conclusive for all sectors. Besides that, since the study was limited to publicly-held companies, the results may not necessarily be applicable to privately-held companies. 1.6 CONCLUSION Dividends distribution is one of the simplest ways for companies to communicate their financial well-being and shareholder value. Dividends send a clear, powerful message about future prospects and performance. Dividends are important for more than income generation since it also provides a way for investors to assess a company as an investment prospect. This study tests the relationship of ownership structure and corporate dividend policy via three types of dividend models, namely, the Full Adjustment Model, the Partial Adjustment Model (Litner, 1956) and the Waud Model (1966). It examined the adoption of agency costs theory through ownership structure and dividend policy. Significant results could act as guidance for companies and policy makers to appropriately address the issues of agency costs. The next section of the study briefly reviews the theoretical and empirical literature. Then, the third chapter describes the data, develops the theoretical model and also discusses the research framework. Chapter Four will reveal the empirical results while the summary and conclusion of the study are presented in Chapter Five.

Perceiving Disabilities Speed Of Dark By Elizabeth Moon

Perceiving Disabilities Speed of Dark by Elizabeth Moon is a novel that not only shares with us how one copes with a disability but how others perceive them differently. Moon opens eyes of the reader, having them emotionally attached to the novel making them aware of how one with a disability may be treated positively or negatively. Some members of society do not empathize with individuals that have disabilities and the challenges they adhere. They often label people with disabilities as being an inconvenience, not â€Å"normal†, and lacking intelligence, whereas others are non-judgmental and show compassion. They provide their support and encouragement. People should not allow stereotypes to define a person’s identity. Even though a disability is often considered to be negative the main character in the novel contradicts this commonly perceived assumption. In fact, people with disabilities possess certain qualities that allow them to experience and perform at a different level than non-disabled people bringing their experience and focus to key aspects of a task. For example, a person with a disability senses things differently then we normally would, allowing them to respond differently. The person with a disability will be compensated for his/her lack of greater abilities and strength in other areas, abilities that are sometimes beyond the ordinary. Individuals with disabilities are able to bring work ethic skills to complete an assignment allowing them to make a contributionShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCharacteristics of the U.S. Workforce 41 †¢ Levels of Diversity 42 †¢ Discrimination 42 Biographical Characteristics 44 Age 44 †¢ Sex 46 †¢ Race and Ethnicity 48 †¢ Disability 48 †¢ Other Biographical Characteristics: Tenure, Religion, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity 50 Ability 52 Intellectual Abilities 52 †¢ Physical Abilities 55 †¢ The Role of Disabilities 56 Implementing Diversity Management Strategies 56 Attracting, Selecting, Developing, and Retaining Diverse Employees 56 †¢ Diversity in Groups 58 †¢ Effective

The Role of Information Technology in the Marketing of Bank Services in Nigeria free essay sample

Ifezue (2003:38) lists some banking services that had been revolutionized through the use of information technology as including account opening, customer account mandate, and transaction processing and recording. The financial service industry had been subjected to various major transformations due to advancement in computers and telecommunications. Information technology (IT) infrastructures are rapidly emerging as a vital factor in socioeconomic development and hence, have a crucial role to play in addressing development challenges. Onyeke (2008:319) wrote on the appreciation of information technology in Nigeria banks and pointed out that information technology is becoming the backbone of banks’ services regeneration in Nigeria. He cited the Diamond Integrated Banking Services (DIBS) of Diamond Bank Limited and Electronic Smart Card Account (ESCA) of Eco Bank Limited as efforts geared towards creating sophistication in the banking sector. He also discovered that banking in Nigeria has increasingly depended on deployment of information technology and that IT budget for banking is by far longer than that of any other industry in Nigeria. He contended that on-line system has facilitated internet banking in Nigeria as evidenced in some of them launching websites. Olakunori (2003:33) discovered that Nigeria banks since 1980s have performed better in their investment profile and the use of IT systems, than the rest of industrial sector of the economy. An analysis of the study carried out by African Development Consulting Group Ltd (ADCG) on IT diffusion in Nigeria shows that bank have invested more on IT, have more IT personnel, more installed based for PCs, Local Area Networks (LAN), and Wide Area Networks (WAN), and a better linkage to the internet than other sectors of the Nigerian economy. In general, existing studies have concluded two positive effects regarding the relationship between information technology and banks’ performance. Firstly, information technology can reduce bank’s operational cost. For example, internet help banks to conduct standardized, Low Value-added transactions through the on-line channel, while focusing their resources into specialized, high value-added transactions through branches. Second, information technology can facilitate transactions among customers within the same network. In case of Automated Teller Machine (ATM), if available over geographical dispersed areas, the benefits will increase since customers will be able to access their account from any geographical location they want. This imply that the value of an ATM network increases with the number of available ATM locations, and the value of banks network to a customer will be determined in parts by the final network size of the bank. 1. 2RESEARCH PROBLEM High incidence of poverty, poor funding by the governments, lack of knowledge and expertise in the use of the new technology and poor condition of infrastructure especially electricity have bedevilled the contribution of information technology in the marketing of banking g services in Nigeria. These do not only impact on the activities of these banks but also their growth and profitability thereby affecting their rate of involvement in economic development in Nigeria. Another problem identified by the researcher is computer anxiety amongst the teeming population. This is more prevalent among the female gender as it is with the male gender and it goes a long way in affecting the acquisition of skills in the field of IT as every aspect of IT deals with a computer system. The cost of maintaining IT equipments is also another factor why most banks do not adopt this concept in their diverse activities thereby affecting their diverse activities. This is due to the fact that IT adoption aids or facilitates marketing practices in any field including the banking sector. The researcher also discovered that the bank has not being able to keep to its promise in its adoption of IT. For instance, the bank promised all day ATM services for the seven (7) days of the week but this ios hardly the case, either that the ATM is malfunctioning or that there is no cash in the ATM. All these are problems related with the adoption of IT which instead of encouraging customers’ patronage discourages it. 3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The broad objective of this study is to appraise the Role of Information Technology (IT) in the Marketing of Banking Services in Nigeria focusing on United Bank for Africa (UBA), Enugu. The specific objectives include the following: . To examine whether there is a relationship between IT adoption and marketing of banking services. 2. To investigate the effect of IT adoption on the growth and profitability of UBA, Enugu. 3. To examine the effectiveness of IT adoption in the marketing activities of UBA, Enugu. 4. To examine whether the adoption of IT by UBA, Enugu enhances its patronage level. 5. To investigate the effect of poor infrastructura l state of Nigeria to IT adoption by UBA, Enugu. 6. To examine the effect of computer anxiety in the use of IT by UBA staffs. . To investigate the effect of maintenance cost of IT equipments to its use by UBA, Enugu? 8. To examine whether IT adoption by UBA, Enugu aids it in serving its customers better than competitors. 4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The following research questions are formulated for the purpose of this research study: 1. Is there a relationship between IT adoption and marketing of banking services? 2. Does IT adoption by UBA, Enugu impact on its growth and profitability? 3. Is IT adoption effective in the marketing activities of UBA, Enugu? 4. Does the adoption of IT by UBA, Enugu enhance its patronage level? 5. Does the poor infrastructural state of Nigeria affect IT adoption by UBA, Enugu? 6. Does computer anxiety affect the use of IT by UBA staffs? 7. Does the maintenance cost of IT equipments affect its use by UBA, Enugu? 9. Does IT adoption by UBA, Enugu aid it in serving its customers better than competitors? 5. FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESES The following hypotheses are formulated for the purpose of this research study: HYPOTHESIS ONE HO:There is no relationship between IT adoption and marketing of banking services. HI:There is a relationship between IT adoption and marketing of banking services. HYPOTHESIS TWO HO:IT adoption by UBA, Enugu does not impact on its growth and profitability. HI:IT adoption by UBA, Enugu impacts on its growth and profitability. HYPOTHESIS THREE HO:IT adoption is not effective in the marketing activities of UBA, Enugu. HI:IT adoption is effective in the marketing activities of UBA, Enugu. HYPOTHESIS FOUR HO:The adoption of IT by UBA, Enugu does not enhance its patronage level. HI:The adoption of IT by UBA, Enugu enhances its patronage level. 6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This research study will be of immense significance to the following groups of people: The management and staff of UBA, Enugu. It will go to a great extent in enlightening them on the concepts of IT as well as its benefits in the marketing of banking services. It will also enlighten other banks. The recommendations from this research study will aid them in adopting effective and better IT strategies in marketing their products and services to their target market. It will enable them to satisfy their customers better than competitors and therefore enhance their patronage level. The general public will as well benefit from this research study. They will not just understand the concepts of IT but will understand how to apply this technology in their diverse activities and endavours. Finally, students and researchers will as well benefit from the purpose of this research study. They will widen their scope from the information contained in this research study. 7. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The financial service industry had been subjected to various major transformations due to advancement in computers and telecommunications. Information technology (IT) infrastructures are rapidly emerging as a vital factor in socioeconomic development and hence, have a crucial role to play in addressing development challenges. In evaluating the appreciation of information technology in Nigeria banks it has been pointed out that information technology is becoming the backbone of banks’ services regeneration in Nigeria. That is why this research study encompasses the Role of Information Technology (IT) in the Marketing of Banking Services in Nigeria is focused on United Bank for Africa (UBA), Enugu. 8. DEFINITION OF TERMS MARKETING: as a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering and freely exchanging products an services of value with others. INTERNET MARKETING: The marketing of products or services over the Internet. ELECTRONIC MAIL MARKETING: This is a form of direct marketing which uses electronic mail as a means of communicating commercial or fundraising messages to an audience. ELECTRONIC COMMERCE: This consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. ARTICLE MARKETING: This is a type of advertising in which businesses write short articles related to their respective industry. AFFILIATE MARKETING: This is a kind of marketing wherein a company hires other companies or websites known as affiliates and entrusts them with the responsibility of marketing the product. CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2. 1OVERVIEW OF MARKETING Marketing has been identified as an interesting, fascinating and dynamic field. It is to a great extent an all embracing and evolving process of every organizational set up (Adirika, Ebue and Nnolim, 1999:34). It is a coordinating instrument of an organization and of every business World. Marketing is a human activity directed at satisfying needs and wants rooted in human behavior (Kotler, 2003:34). In real life, there is nothing that one does that does not imply an art of marketing, when one displays its products or services to the public in order to earn revenue and possibly make profit; he is engaged in promotion and selling, an aspect of marketing. Basically, marketing is not limited to business. When a young man is looking for a lady to marry or vice versa, he or she is engaged in promotion, an art of marketing, when you are trying to persuade people to vote for you. But none of these activities is called marketing, only when they are brought together with others, such as prizing, research, distribution can they be called marketing. From the foregoing illustration, it follows that marketing transcends all aspects of social life. Marketing practices are in play when we are born (the type of hospitals and doctors our parents prefer) while we grow (the type of school, primary, secondary, tertiary we select or our parents select), the type of cloths our parents buy or that we buy, while we conduct our daily lives (the purchase of status related items) and when we retire (the type of building we will like to have). Marketing influences our lives that we need to take the study of marketing serious. There are several definitions to this multifaceted and wide range of field called marketing. The term marketing for most people means a set of business activities. They see marketing as the task of finding and stimulating customers to consume the firm’s products. Marketing has been defined by different authors or bodies from different perspectives. Kotler (2003:18) define marketing as a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering and freely exchanging products an services of value with others. Ifezue (2002:33) sees marketing as playing a central role for business success since it is concerned with creation and retention of customers and also important for relationship building with customers by providing satisfaction and attracting new customers by creating added value. Olakunori (1999:66) stressed the importance of building in his definition of marketing kin which he described the objective of marketing as to establish, develop, and commercialize long-term customer relationship so that the objectives of the parties are met The American Marketing Association (AMA) offers the following definition: Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchange that satisfy individuals or organizational goals. Adirika, Ebue and Nnolim (2003:18) defined marketing as a total system of business activities designed to plan, promote and distribute want satisfying products to target market to achieve organizational goals. This definition according to them has two significant implications. The entire system of business activities should be customer oriented. That is customers wants must be recognized and satisfied. Marketing should start with the idea about a want satisfying product and should not end until customers wants are completely satisfy which may be time after the exchange is made. These classical definitions of marketing are oriented towards the physical movement of economic goods and services. It emphasizes much on the role of physical distribution and marketing channel. The demerit of this definition is that the importance of buyers and sellers are overlooked. Also the strong impact of marketing by many publics, employees, unions, etc. is not considered. A proper definition of marketing should not be confined to economic goods and services. It should cover organizations (Red Cross), people (political candidates), place (Enugu) and ideas. Edoga and Ani (2005:13) defined marketing as the anticipation, management and satisfaction of demand through the exchange process. The definition clarifies the concept of marketing because it encompasses all the activities in marketing and highlights the central marketing function, that is, the exchange process. 2. THE CONCEPT OF MARKETING OF SERVICE Services lie at the very center of economic activity in any society. For some people, service is synonymous with servitude and brings to mind workers waiting on tables, house servants, laborers, etc. However, the service industry that has grown significantly over the past thirty years cannot be accurately described as composed only of low wage or low skill jobs (Edoga, 2006:1). The fast growing jobs within the service sector especially in developed countries are finance, insurance, real estate, health, education, professional services, etc (Adirika, Ebue and Nnolim, 2003:66). Services are undergoing a transformation from the traditional concept of a service transaction to one of a experience. The rapid growth of service in recent times has brought the need for effective and efficient coordination of its marketing. Many definitions of services are available but all contain a common theme of intangibility and simultaneous consumption (Edoga, 2006:5). Below represents a sample of these definitions: According to Kotler and Keller (2006:118) a service can be described as an act or performance that pone party can offer to another that is essentially intangible and does not result in the ownership of anything. Its production may or may not be tied to a physical product. According to the American Marketing Association (AMA) services are products that are intangible or at least substantially so, they are exchanged directly from producers to users, cannot be transported or stored and they are almost instantly perishable. Service products are also difficult to identify, since they come into existence at the time they are bought and consumed. They are composed of intangible elements that are inseparable. They usually involve customer participation in some important ways and cannot be sold in the sense of ownership transfer and have no title. Services are deeds, processes and performances. According to Stanton (2003:188) a service is any activity or series of activities of more or less intangible nature that normally but not necessarily take place in interactions between customer and service employees and/or physical resources of goods and / or systems of service providers, which are provided as solutions to customers’ problems. According to Kotler (2003:71) service includes all economic activities whose output is not a physical product or construction, is generally consumed at the time it is produced and provides added values in forms (such as convenience, amusement, timeliness, comfort or health) that are essentially intangible concerns of its purchaser. 3. APPRAISAL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Information technology (IT) is the use of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data (Kotler, 2003:391). The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Several industries are associated with information technology, such as computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, e-commerce and computer services. In a business context, the Information Technology Association of America (2010:12) has defined information technology (IT) as the study, design, development, application, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems. The business value of information technology is to automate business processes, provide information for decision making, connect business with their customers, and provide productivity tools to increase efficiency. In an academic context, the Association for Computing Machinery defines it as undergraduate degree programs that prepare students to meet the computer technology needs of business, government, healthcare, schools, and other kinds of organizations . IT specialists assume responsibility for selecting hardware and software products appropriate for an organization, integrating those products with organizational needs and infrastructure, and installing, customizing, and maintaining those applications for the organization’s computer users. Examples of these responsibilities include the installation of networks; network administration and security; the design of web pages; the development of multimedia resources; the installation of communication components; the oversight of email systems; and the planning and management of the technology lifecycle by which an organization’s technology is maintained, upgraded, and replaced. 4. EFFECTIVENESS OF IT IN THE MARKETING OF BANKING SERVICES It is becoming increasingly difficult, if not impossible, for banks employing traditional methods (manual methods) to compete favorably n the industry. According to Kotler and Armstrong (2003:18), the potential of the new information era to deliver financial services directly into people’s home is causing trepidation among the big retail banks. IMF conference of 1989 confirmed that Information Technology has had more impact on more fundamentals, more quickly, than virtually any other external change in the history of the banki ng industry. It is transforming every aspect of a bank’s business, from its management information to the nature of the products and services it offers. It fundamentally affects many of the key drivers of both cost and revenue, which will increasingly determine a bank’s overall profitability and competitive positions. With Information Technology, electronic funds and information transfer systems have been variously designed to deliver services to customers in a ‘better’ and ‘faster’ ways. Today, investment in technology has become an important component of an overall strategy in banks. Writing on new technologies and performance enhancement in the banking industry, Onyeke (2008:37) stated that the new technologies have created unparalleled wired economy. The transfer of money from point ‘A’ to point ‘B’ has resulted in turning the actual money into bits and bytes through satellite transponders, fibre optic cables or regular telephone lines. Banks utilize computer based systems as well as telecommunication technologies for storage, processing and communication. Information technology has provoked several inventions and automated devices. Information technology maybe considered to be the harnessing of electronic technology in its various forms to implore the operations and profitability of the business as a whole. Information technology provides significant improvement with facilities such as word processing, improving secretarial typing and some reprographic services, communication facilities in the form of electronic mail database. This is the assumption that high customer satisfaction leads to sustainable revenue growth and profitability. This claim is based on the argument provided by Onyeke and Nebo (2003:94), â€Å"That profit and growth rate are estimated primarily by customer’s loyalty, and loyalty is a direct result of customers satisfaction†. . TYPES OF IT ADOPTED IN MARKETING OF BANKING SERVICES There are various strategies of E – marketing. They include the following (Kotler and Keller, 2007:452): 1) ELECTRONIC COMMERCE: Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or e – business consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks (Onah and Thomas, 2003:56). The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily with widespread Internet usage. The use of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transactions lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well. A large percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely lectronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way (Olakunori, 2003:36). Online retailers are sometimes known as e retailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-retail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web. Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses is referred to a s business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e. g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private electronic market). Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses and consumers, on the other hand, is referred to as business-to-consumer or B2C. This is the type of electronic commerce conducted by companies such as Amazon. com. Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce where the buyer is directly online to the sellers computer usually via the internet (Ifezue, 1999:45). There is no intermediary service. The sale and purchase transaction is completed electronically and interactively in real-time such as Amazon. com for new books. If an intermediary is present, then the sale and purchase transaction is called electronic commerce such as eBay. om. Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions. Within the last 10 years, Ecommerce has seen a surge in profitability. Many businesses, both large and small, are looking to the web for increa sed consumer patronage. Here are some real advantages of E – commerce (Zeigler, 2000:293): 1) Open 24/7. Ecommerce systems are operational all day, every day. Consumers can visit your site any time, day or night, regardless of whether or not your physical storefront is open for business. Even if you are operating a service-based operation, reservations and/or inquiries can be made any time of day to increase interest in your business. 2) A global market. Web sites transcend all physical boundaries. If your consumer has a computer and an Internet connection, he/she can do business with you. 3) Instant gratification. The Internet affords immediacy. Orders can be made and payments processed almost immediately online. Long gone are the days of catalogs and lost orders. With Ecommerce, transactions run more smoothly and efficiently. 4) Increase profits by reducing costs. One of the real advantages of E – commerce is that you can truly cut costs. Physical store fronts require constant manpower. A good website can take the place of several salespersons. In addition, original manufacturers can often be identified and worked with to cut out the cost of the middle man supplier. 2) ELECTRONIC MAIL MARKETING: E-mail marketing is a form of direct marketing which uses electronic mail as a means of communicating commercial or fundraising messages to an audience (Onyeke and Nebo, 2004:45). In its broadest sense, every e-mail sent to a potential or current customer could be considered e-mail marketing. However, the term is usually used to refer to: †¢ sending e-mails with the purpose of enhancing the relationship of a merchant with its current or previous customers and to encourage customer loyalty and repeat business, †¢ sending e-mails with the purpose of acquiring new customers or convincing current customers to purchase something immediately, †¢ adding advertisements to e-mails sent by other companies to their customers, and †¢ sending e-mails over the Internet, as e-mail did and does exist outside the Internet (e. g. , network e-mail and FIDO). E-mail marketing (on the Internet) is popular with companies for several reasons (Onyeke, 2008: 99): †¢ An exact return on investment can be tracked (track to basket) and has proven to be high when done properly. E-mail marketing is often reported as second only to search marketing as the most effective online marketing tactic. †¢ Advertisers can reach substantial numbers of e-mail subscribers who have opted in (i. e. , consented) to receive e-mail communications on subjects of interest to them. †¢ Over half of Internet users check or send e-mail on a typical day. E-mail is popular with digital marketers. †¢ E-mail allows marketers to reach out to consumers with personalized, relevant, dynamic messages. †¢ Transactional e-mails allow businesses to respond automatically to important consumer events like purchases or shop-cart abandonment. 3) SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING Social media marketing is a recent component of organizations integrated marketing communications plans. Integrated marketing communications is a principle organizations follow to connect with their targeted markets. Integrated marketing communications coordinates the elements of the promotional mix—advertising, personal selling, public relations, publicity, direct marketing, and sales promotion—to produce a customer focused message. In the traditional marketing communications model, the content, frequency, timing, and medium of communications by the organization is in collaboration with an external agent, i. e. advertising agencies, marketing research firms, and public relations firms. However, the growth of social media has impacted the way organizations communicate with their customers. Social media marketing programs usually center on efforts to create content that attracts attention, generates online conversations, and encourages readers to share it with their social networks. The message spreads from user to user and presumably resonates because it is coming from a trusted source, as opposed to the brand or company itself. Social media has become a platform that is easily accessible to anyone with internet access, opening doors for organizations to increase their brand awareness and facilitate conversations with the customer. Additionally, social media serves as a relatively inexpensive platform for organizations to implement marketing campaigns. Organizations can receive direct feedback from their customers and targeted markets. Social media marketing which is also known as Social Media Optimization (SMO) benefits organizations and individuals by providing an additional channel for customer support, a means to gain customer and competitive insight, and a method of managing their reputation online. Key factors that ensure its success are its relevance to the customer, the value it provides them with and the strength of the foundation on which it is built. A strong foundation serves as a stand or platform in which the organization can centralize its information and direct customers on its recent developments via other social media channels, such as article and press release publications. 4) ARTICLE MARKETING: Article marketing is a type of advertising in which businesses write short articles related to their respective industry (Adirika, Ebue and Nnolim, 1999). These articles are made available for distribution and publication in the marketplace. Each article contains a bio box and byline (collectively known as the resource box) that include references and contact information for the authors business. Well-written content articles released for free distribution have the potential of increasing the authoring business credibility within its market as well as attracting new clients. According to Berkowitz et al (2005:394) Article marketing has been used by professionals for nearly as long as mass print has been available. In paper-print form (as opposed to online forms), article marketing is utilized commonly by business owners as a means of obtaining free press space. A local business provides useful content to the newspaper free of charge, and in return the newspaper prints the business contact information with the article. Because newspapers and other traditional media are expected to present content on limited budgets, this arrangement is generally advantageous for all parties involved. For example, an accounting firm may market itself by writing an article entitled The Top 10 Ways to Avoid Being Audited and offering it to the local newspapers several weeks prior to tax season. Similarly, a roofing company may offer radio stations a concise article entitled How to Avoid Ice Damage to Your Roof this Winter shortly before the winter season. 2. 6ROLE OF IT IN THE MARKETING OF BANKING SERVICES The following include some of the major impacts of information technology in Nigeria’s banking system (Ifezue, 2003:119): GSM Banking This mode of e-banking makes use of the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) phones as the primary electronic device. GSM has improved the operational efficiency of many banks in the country. The mobile banking services basically allow customers to operate their accounts with the operating banks from mobile phones to a large extent as long as their phones and network support SMS (short messaging service). The user could be able to check account balance up to his two last transactions. Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) ATMs are a computer-controlled device that dispenses cash, and may provide other services to customers who identify themselves with a Personal Identification Number. ATM dispenses cash at any time of the day and night, unlike the traditional method where customers have to queue for a very long time in order to withdraw cash or transfer funds. Adoption of the ICT Integrated Project Banks in Nigeria have successfully completed information and communication technology integration project which enables them to communicate easily across as many employees as possible within and outside the country to deliver radically-enhanced customer-centric services. Funds Transfer Customers can now electronically transfer funds across the globe without any problem or delay as compared to the traditional method before the advent of information technology when funds are seriously delayed before they are delivered to the recipients. On-Line Banking With the aid of information technology, online banking provides the opportunity of paying bills and performing transactions of any kind electronically. Electronic payments can be credited or debited the same day. Customers can make payments for goods or services without necessarily coming in contact with physical cash and running the risk of handling a large amount of money. Electronic Mail Information technology has given rise to electronic mail which improves communication between individuals, external parties and the bank within or across various geographical regions or boundaries. The availability of online information provides bankers and customers with a powerful vehicle for research. Bankers Automated Clearing Services This involves the use of Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR) for cheque processing. It is capable of encoding, reading and sorting cheques. Also, request for cheque books or purchase of draft can be made and granted via electronic devices that are web-enabled. Summarily, the impact of information technology in banking industries in Nigeria cannot be over-emphasized. It has provided flexible and convenient services to customers. Most current e-banking applications make use of the Internet which allows customers to obtain current account balances at any time. Customers do not need to bother themselves once money have been deposited or withdrawn from their accounts as most banks in Nigeria employs the use of short message service (SMS) to intimate customers of their balances immediately the transaction is performed. 2. 7THE CONCEPT OF ELECTRONIC BANKING Electronic banking, also known as electronic fund transfer (EFT), uses computer and electronic technology in place of checks and other paper transactions (Kotler and Keller, 2003:319). Electronic banking is initiated through devices like cards or codes that let you, or those you authorize, access your account. Many financial institutions use ATM or debit cards and Personal Identification Numbers (PINs) for this purpose. Some use other types of debit cards that require your signature or a scan. For example, some use radio frequency identification (RFID) or other forms of contactless technology that scan your information without direct contact with you. The federal Electronic Fund Transfer Act (EFT Act) covers some electronic consumer transactions. Here are some common electronic banking services (Onyeke and Nebo, 2003:48): ATMs are electronic terminals that let you bank almost virtually any time. To withdraw cash, make deposits, or transfer funds between accounts, you generally insert an ATM card and enter your PIN. Some financial institutions and ATM owners charge a fee, particularly if you dont have accounts with them or if your transactions take place at remote locations. Generally, ATMs must tell you they charge a fee and the amount on or at the terminal screen before you complete the transaction. Check with your institution and at ATMs you use for more information about these fees. Direct Deposit lets you authorize specific deposits — like paychecks, Social Security checks, and other benefits — to your account on a regular basis. You also may pre-authorize direct withdrawals so that recurring bills — like insurance premiums, mortgages, utility bills, and gym memberships — are paid automatically. Be cautious before you pre-authorize recurring withdrawals to pay companies you arent familiar with; funds from your bank account could be withdrawn improperly. Monitor your bank account to make sure direct recurring payments take place and are for the right amount. Pay-by-Phone Systems let you call your financial institution with instructions to pay certain bills or to transfer funds between accounts. You must have an agreement with your institution to make these transfers. Personal Computer Banking lets you handle many banking transactions using your personal computer. For example, you may use your computer to request transfers between accounts and pay bills electronically. Debit Card Purchase or Payment Transactions let you make purchases or payments with a debit card, which also may be your ATM card. Transactions can take place in-person, online, or by phone. The process is similar to using a credit card, with some important exceptions: a debit card purchase or payment transfers money quickly from your bank account to the companys account, so you have to have sufficient funds in your account to cover your purchase. This means you need to keep accurate records of the dates and amounts of your debit card purchases, payments, and ATM withdrawals. Be sure you know the store or business before you provide your debit card information to avoid the possible loss of funds through fraud. Your liability for unauthorized use, and your rights for dealing with errors, may be different for a debit card than a credit card. Electronic Check Conversion converts a paper check into an electronic payment in a store or when a company gets your check in the mail. When you give your check to a cashier in a store, the check is run through an electronic system that captures your banking information and the amount of the check. You sign a receipt and you get a copy for your records. When your check is given back to you, it should be voided or marked by the merchant so that it cant be used again. The merchant electronically sends information from the check (but not the check itself) to your bank or other financial institution, and the funds are transferred into the merchants account. 8. COMPANY PROFILE UBA is a large financial services provider in Nigeria with subsidiaries in 20 sub-Saharan countries, with representative offices in France, the United Kingdom and the United States. It offers universal banking services to more than 7 million customers across 750 branches. Formed by the merger of the commercially focused UBA and the retail focused Standard Trust Bank in 2005, the Bank purports to have a clear ambition to be the dominant and leading financial services provider in Africa. [1] Listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange in 1970, UBA claims to be rapidly evolving into a pan-African full service financial institution. [2] The Group adopted the holding company odel in July 2011. As of December 2011[update], the valuation of UBA Groups total assets was approximately US$12. 3 billion (NGN:1. 94 trillion), with shareholders equity of about US$1. 07 billion (NGN:170 billion. Todays United Bank for Africa Plc (UBA) is the product of the merger of Nigerias third (3rd) and fifth (5th) largest banks, namely the old UBA and the erstwhile Standard Trust Bank Plc (STB) respectively, and a subsequent acquisition of the erstwhile Continental Trust Bank Limited (CTB). The union emerged as the first successful corporate combination in the history of Nigerian banking. UBAs history dates back to 1948 when the British and French Bank Limited (BFB) commenced business in Nigeria and the erstwhile STB and CTB both in 1990. Following Nigerias independence from Britain, UBA was incorporated in 1961 to take over the business of BFB. Although todays UBA emerged at a time of industry consolidation induced by regulation, the consolidated UBA was borne out of a desire to lead the domestic sector to a new era of global relevance by championing the creation of the Nigerian consumer finance market, leading a private/public sector partnership at supporting the acceleration of Nigerias economic development, and growing the institution from a banking to a one-stop financial services institution, while spreading its footprints across Africa to earn the reputation as the face of banking in the continent. Today, United Bank for Africa Plc, is one of Africas leading financial institutions offering universal banking to more than 7. 2 million customers across 700 Business Offices in 19 African countries. With presence in New York, London and Paris, UBA is your partner for banking services for Africans and African related businesses globally. UBA ORGANISATION CHART Source: UBA, Annual report and Accounts 2009. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3. 1RESEARCH DESIGN Research design provides the glue that holds the research project together. A esearch design is used to structure the research to show how all of the major parts of the research project work together to try to address the central research question. Udeagha (2003:153) defined research design as the framework that indicates the type of information that is needed for the search, the sources of such information and methods of its collection. Definitely, this is a survey research. Survey research is the method of gathering data from respondents thought to be representatives of some population using an instrument composed of closed structure or open ended items (questions). Kin Linger (1977:15) defined survey research as a research which studiers large and small population by selecting and studying samples chosen from the population to discover the relative incidence, distribution, inter relations of sociological variables. 2. SOURCES OF DATA Both primary and secondary sources of data are used in this research work for gathering information: 1. PRIMARY SOURCES OF DATA The primary sources of data used for this research work include the following: a) Questionnaire administration, b) Oral interview and, ) Personal observations. 3. 2. 2SECONDARY SOURCES OF DATA The secondary sources of data used for this research work include the following: a) Periodicals and journals, b) Textbooks and lecture notebooks, and c) Internet 3. POPULATION OF THE STUDY The population of this research work consists of the management and staff of UBA, Enugu, and its customers. The departments of the bank that were included in this study include the following: a) Marketing departmen t, b) Administrative department, c) Customer service department, and d) Cashier department. The population used for the purpose of this research work is that of the population census of Enugu as at 1991 which is 465072. The regions that were covered in Enugu metropolis include the following: Abakpa Emene Ogui Urban New Haven Independent Layout Maryland Uwani TransEkulu Coal Camp Achara Layout 4. SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION Based on the population figure of Enugu metropolis at 1991 population census which was 465072, the researcher used the Bourley’s formular in determination of the sample size. The formular is stated thus: n = N / 1 + N (e) 2 Where:n = Sample size N = Total population = 465,072 = Tolerable error = 0. 05 I = A constant n = 465,072 1 + 465,072 (0. 05)2 n = 465, 072 1 + 465, 072 (0. 0025) n = 465, 072 1 + 1162. 68 n = 465,072 1163. 68 n = 399. 66 n = 400 3. 5QUESTIONNAIRE ALLOCATION AND DISTRIBUTION It is important to note here that the study covered the whole of Enugu metropolis, hence the researcher distributed questionnaire to the entire unit within En ugu metropolis. A tabular representation of the questionnaire distribution is shown below: |UNIT |POPULATION |QUEST. ADMIN. | |Abakpa |63,070 |54 | |Emene |29,119 |25 | |Ogui Urban |39,891 |34 | |New haven |49,212 |42 | |Ind. Layout |54,617 |47 | |Maryland |34,009 |29 | |Uwani |49,063 |44 | |Trans Ekulu |59,241 |51 | |Coal Camp |45,710 |39 | |Achara Layout |411,41 |35 | |Total |465,072 |400 | SOURCE:ENUGU STATE POPULATION CENSUS, 1991. To determine the number of questionnaire to be distributed to each of the units, the following formular is used: Population of units Sample size Population of entire metropolis Abakpa= 63,070 / 465,072 * 400 54 Emene=29119 / 465072 * 400 25 Ogui urban=39,891 / 465072 * 400 34 New haven=49,212 / 465072 * 400 42 Independent=54,617 / 465072 *400 Layout47 Maryland=34,009 / 465072 * 400 29 Uwani=49,241 / 465072 * 400 42 Trans Ekulu=59,241 / 465072 * 400 51 Coal Camp=45,710 / 465072 * 400 39 Achara Layout= 41,140 / 465072 * 400 35 6. METHOD OF DATA TREATMENT AND ANALYSIS In treating and analyzing of data collected extensive use of tabular and percentage will be paramount. The data collected will be presented in table and analyzed with percentage. The hypotheses will be analyzed by the use of Chi – Square formular. 3. 7LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The researcher encountered the following constraints in this research work: FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS: Finance is the key to the success of every research work. There was not enough fund on the part of the researcher. This led to a slight delay in the completion of this research work. The researcher also had difficulty in gathering the information necessary for the successful completion of this research work. APPENDIX I Department of Marketing, Institute of Management and Technology (IMT), Enugu. Dear Respondents, I, Ogudu Ejike from the above mentioned department and institution is carrying out a research work on â€Å"The Role of Information Technology in the Marketing of Bank Services in Nigeria. A Study of UBA, Enugu†. I therefore, implore you to fill out the questionnaire being presented to you as the information is used in a research project for the fulfilment of Higher National Diploma (HND) in mass communication. I promise that the information will be treated with the strictest confidence. Yours Faithfully, Ogudu Ejike QUESTIONNAIRE FOR MANAGEMENT AND STAFF INSTRUCTION: Please tick {/} in then box (es) otherwise complete the space appropriately. 1. Is there a relationship between IT adoption and marketing of banking services? a. Yes( ) b. No( ) 2. Does IT adoption by UBA, Enugu impact on its growth and profitability? a. Yes( ) b. No( ) 3. Is IT adoption effective in the marketing activities of UBA, Enugu? a. Yes( ) b. No( ) 4. Does the adoption of IT by UBA, Enugu enhance its patronage level? a. Yes( ) b. No( ) 5. Does the poor infrastructural state of Nigeria affect IT adoption by UBA, Enugu? a. Yes( ) b. No( ) 6. Does computer anxiety affect the use of IT by UBA staffs? a. Yes( ) b. No( ) 7. Does the maintenance cost of IT equipments affect its use by UBA, Enugu? a. Yes( ) b. No( ) 8. Does IT adoption by UBA, Enugu aid it in serving its customers better than competitors? a. Yes( ) b. No( ) 9) Does IT adoption enhance the customers’ patronage of the bank? a. Yes( ) b. No( ) 10) What is your gender? a) Male{ } b) Female{ } 11) What is your educational qualification? a) WASSCE/NECO/GCE{ } b) OND/NCE{ } c) BSC/BA/HND{ } d) MSC/MA/MBA{ } e) PHD { } 12) What is your working experience? a) 1 -5 { } b) 6 – 10 { } c) 11 – 15 { } d) 16 and above{ } 13) What is your age (in years)? a) 20 – 30{ } b) 31 – 40{ } c) 41 – 50{ } d) 50 an above{ } 14) What is your department? a) Marketing{ } b) Administrative{ } ) Personnel { } d) Logistics{ } 15) What is your marital status? a) Single{ } b) Married{ } QUESTIONNAIRE FOR CUSTOMERS INSTRUCTION: Please tick {/} in then box (es) otherwise complete the space appropriately. 1. Are you a customer of UBA, Enugu? a. Yes( ) b. No( ) 2. Do you understand the concept of IT? a. Yes( ) b. No( ) 3. Are you attracted to the bank because of its IT adoption? a. Yes( ) b. No( ) 4. Does the adoption of IT by UBA, Enugu enhance its effectiveness? a. Yes( ) b. No( ) 5. Does the bank have adequate IT infrastructures? a. Yes( ) b. No( ) 6. Does the bank have efficient and adequate computers for its staffs? a. Yes( ) b. No( ) 7. Does the adoption of IT enhance the bank’s growth? a. Yes( ) b. No( ) 8) What is your gender? a) Male{ } b) Female{ } 9) What is your educational qualification? a) WASSCE/NECO/GCE{ } b) OND/NCE{ } c) BSC/BA/HND{ } d) MSC/MA/MBA{ } e) PHD { } 10) What is your working experience? a) 1 -5 { } b) 6 – 10 { } c) 11 – 15 { } d) 16 and above{ } 11) What is your age (in years)? a) 20 – 30{ } b) 31 – 40{ } c) 41 – 50{ } d) 50 an above{ } 12) What is your department? a) Marketing{ } b) Administrative{ } c) Personnel { } d) Logistics{ } 13) What is your marital status? a) Single{ } b) Married{ } CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 1. DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION The presentation of data collected means the way of arranging the different forms of data obtained through various data collecting techniques to enable the researcher perform analysis and exact new meaning from it. The data collected will be presented in simple table. The data analyses were based on the answer to the key questions received from the various departments. The key questions in the questionnaires will be analyzed by the use of simple percentage. A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed and 8 of them got lost, so the analysis of data will be based on the returned questionnaire which is 392. 2. DATA ANALYSIS PRESENTATION OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS TABLE 4. 1:DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY GENDER |GENDER |NO. OF RESPONDENTS |PERCENTAGE | |Male |201 |51 | |Female |191 |49 | |Total |392 |100 | SOURCE: Field Survey, 2012 The above table shows that 51% of the respondents are male while 49% of them are female. TABLE 4. 2:DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY MARITAL STATUS |MARITAL STATUS |NO. OF RESPONDENTS |PERCENTAGE | |Single |119 |30 | |Married |273 |70 | |Total |392 |100 | SOURCE: Field Survey, 2012 The above table shows that 30% of the respondents are single while 70% of them are married. TABLE 4. 3:DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION |QUALIFICATION |NO. OF RESPONDENTS |PERCENTAGE | |WASSCE/NECO |110 |28 | |ND/NCE |147 |38 | |HND/BSC/BA |71 |18 | |MSC/MA/MBA |45 |11 | |PHD and others |19 |5 | |Total |392 |100 | SOURCE: Field Survey, 2012 The above table shows that 28% of the respondents have up to WASSCE/NECO certificate, 38% of the respondents are ND/NCE holders, 18% of them are HND/BSC/BA holders, 11% of them are MSC/MA/MBA holders while 5% of them hold PHD and others. TABLE 4. 4:DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY AGE |AGE |NO. OF RESPONDENTS |PERCENTAGE | |20 – 30 |62 |16 | |31 – 40 |102 |26 | |41 – 50 |109 |28 | |51 and above |119 |30 | |Total |392 |100 | SOURCE: Field Survey, 2012 The above table shows that 16% of the respondents are between the ages of 20 – 30, 26% of them are between the ages of 31 – 40, 28% of them are between the ages of 41 50 while 30% of them are from 51 years and above. TABLE 4. 5:DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY OCCUPATION/PROFESSION |YEARS |NO. OF RESPONDENTS |PERCENTAGE | |Student |53 |14 | |Farmers |85 |22 | |Trader |132 |34 | |Housewife |50 |13 | |Civil servant |72 |17 | |Total |392 |100 | SOURCE: Field Survey, 2012 The above table shows that 14% of the respondents are students, 22% of them are farmers, 34% of them are traders, 13% of them are housewives while 17% of them are civil servants. ANALYSIS BASED ON KEY RESEARCH QUESTIONS The analysis of data is based on the returned questionnaires from the respondents. QUESTION 1: Is there a relationship between IT adoption and marketing of banking services? TABLE 4. 6: OPTIONS |NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS |PERCENTAGE | |Yes |241 |61 | |No |151 |39 | |Total |392 |100 | SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY, 2012. The above table shows that 61% of the respondents stated that there is a relationship between IT adoption and marketing of banking services while 16% of them said no to this. QUESTION 2: Does IT adoption by UBA, Enugu impact on its growth and profitability? TABLE 4. 7: OPTIONS |NUMBER OF RE SPONDENTS |PERCENTAGE | |Yes |271 |69 | |No |87 |22 | |Cannot say |34 |9 | |Total |392 |100 | SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY, 2012. The above table shows that 69% of the respondents are of the opinion that IT adoption by UBA, Enugu impact on its growth and profitability, 22% of them said no while 9% of them could not say anything. QUESTION 3: Is IT adoption effective in the marketing activities of UBA, Enugu? TABLE 4. 7: OPTIONS |NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS |PERCENTAGE | |Yes |262 |67 | |No |87 |22 | |Cannot say |43 |11 | |Total |392 |100 | SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY, 2012. The above table shows that 67% of the respondents are of the opinion that IT adoption is effective in the marketing activities of UBA, Enugu, 22% of them said no while 11% of them could not say anything. QUESTION 4: Does the adoption of IT by UBA, Enugu enhance its patronage level? TABLE 4. 9: OPTIONS |NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS |PERCENTAGE | |Strongly agreed |194 |49 | |Agreed |118 |30 | |Strongly disagreed |27 |7 | |Disagreed |53 |14 | | Total |392 |100 | SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY, 2012. The above table shows that 49% of the respondents strongly agreed that the adoption of IT by UBA, Enugu enhances its patronage level, 30% of them agreed, 7% of them strongly disagreed while 14% of them disagreed. QUESTION 5: Does the poor infrastructural state of Nigeria affect IT adoption by UBA, Enugu? TABLE 4. 10: OPTIONS |NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS |PERCENTAGE | |Yes |250 |64 | |No |142 |36 | |Total |392 |100 | SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY, 2012. The above table shows that 64% of the respondents stated that the poor infrastructural state of Nigeria affect IT adoption by UBA, Enugu while 36% of them said no to this. QUESTION 6: Does computer anxiety affect the use of IT by UBA staffs? TABLE 4. 11: OPTIONS |NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS |PERCENTAGE | |Yes |230 |59 | |No |162 |41 | |Total |392 |100 | SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY, 2012. The above table shows that 59% of the respondents are of the opinion that computer anxiety affects the use of IT by UBA staffs whil e 41% of them said no to this. QUESTION 7: Does the maintenance cost of IT equipments affect its use by UBA, Enugu? TABLE 4. 15: OPTIONS |NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS |PERCENTAGE | |Yes |240 |61 | |No |152 |39 | |Total |392 |100 | SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY, 2012. The above table shows that 61% of the respondents are of the opinion that the maintenance cost of IT equipments affects its use by UBA, Enugu while 39% of them said no to this. QUESTION 8: Does IT adoption by UBA, Enugu aid it in serving its customers better than competitors? TABLE 4. 9: OPTIONS |NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS |PERCENTAGE | |Strongly agreed |199 |51 | |Agreed |96 |24 | |Strongly disagreed |39 |10 | |Disagreed |58 |15 | |Total |392 |100 | SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY, 2012. The above table shows that 51% of the respondents strongly agreed that IT adoption by UBA, Enugu aids it in serving its customers better than competitors, 24% of them agreed, 10% of them strongly disagreed while 15% of them disagreed. 2. TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS The res earcher at this point test the hypothesis formed earlier to accept or reject them and as well as determining the extent of their reliability. In order to achieve this, the researcher used chi – square method that is chi – square (X 2) test. HYPOTHESIS ONE: STEP 1: HO:There is no relationship between IT adoption and marketing of banking services. HI:There is a relationship between IT adoption and marketing of banking services. STEP 2: The statistical test is X2 = ? (oi – ei )2 / ei STEP 3: The level of significance used is 5%. That is 0. 05 STEP 4: The degree of freedom is given by (k – 1). That is, DF = (k – 1). Where K = Number of rows or columns STEP 5: The critical value is given as X2 = 3. 8. This value was determined fro the table of Chi – square (X2) using the degree of freedom and level of significance. STEP 6: Computation of the test statistic using table 4. 6: TABLE 4. 6: OPTIONS |Oi |Ei | |Yes |241 |196 | |No |151 |196 | |Total |392 |392 | Where: oi = Observed frequency ei = Expected frequency To get the expected frequency, the researcher divided the total frequency by the number of options. Thus we have: ei = 392 / 2 = 196 X2 = ? (oi – ei )2 / ei = (241 – 196) 2 + (15 1 – 196) 2 196 = 45 + 45 = 90 STEP 7: Comparing the test statistic with critical value 90 gt; 3. 8 STEP 8: DECISION RULE Since the calculated value of X2 is greater than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. We therefore conclude that there is a relationship between IT adoption and marketing of banking services. HYPOTHESIS TWO: STEP I: HO:IT adoption by UBA, Enugu does not impact on its growth and profitability. HI:IT adoption by UBA, Enugu impacts on its growth and profitability. STEP 2: The statistical test is X2 = ? (oi – ei )2 / ei STEP 3: The level of significance used is 5%. That is 0. 05 STEP 4: The degree of freedom is given by (k – 1). That is, DF = (k – 1). Where K = Number of rows or columns STEP 5: The critical value is given as X2 = 5. 3. This value was determined fro the table of Chi – square (X2) using the degree of freedom and level of significance. STEP 6: Computation of the test statistic using table 4. 15: TABLE 4. 15: |OPTIONS |Oi |Ei | |Yes |271 |130. 7 | |No |87 |130. 7 | |Can’t say |54 |130. | |Total |392 |392 | Where: oi = Observed frequency ei = Expected frequency To get the expected frequency, the researcher divided the total frequency by the number of options. Thus we have: ei = 392 / 3 = 130. 7 X2 = ? (oi – ei )2 / ei = (271 – 130. 7) 2 + (87 – 130. 7) 2 + (34 – 130. 7) 2 130. 7 = (140. 3) 2 + (- 43. 7) 2 + (- 96. 7) 2 130. 7 = 150. 5 + 14. 6 + 71. 5 = 236. 6 STEP 7: Comparing the test statistic with critical value 236. 6 gt; 5. 3 STEP 8: Since the calculated value of X2 is greater than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. We therefore conclude that IT adoption by UBA, Enugu impacts on its growth and profitability. HYPOTHESIS THREE: STEP I: HO:IT adoption is not effective in the marketing activities of UBA, Enugu. HI:IT adoption is effective in the marketing activities of UBA, Enugu. STEP 2: The statistical test is X2 = ? (oi – ei )2 / ei STEP 3: The level of significance used is 5%. That is 0. 05 STEP 4: The degree of freedom is given by (k – 1). That is, DF = (k – 1). Where K = Number of rows or columns STEP 5: The critical value is given as X2 = 5. 3. This value was determined fro the table of Chi – square (X2) using the degree of freedom and level of significance. STEP 6: Computation of the test statistic using table 4. 15: TABLE 4. 15: OPTIONS |Oi |Ei | |Yes |262 |130. 7 | |No |87 |130. 7 | |Can’t say |43 |130. 7 | |Total |392 |392 | Where: oi = Observed frequency ei = Expected frequency To get the expected frequency, the researcher divided the total frequency by the number of options. Thus we have: ei = 392 / 3 = 130. 7 X2 = ? (oi – ei )2 / ei = (262 – 130. 7) 2 + (87 – 130. 7) 2 + (43 – 130. 7) 2 130. 7 = (131. 3) 2 + (- 43. 7) 2 + (- 87. 7) 2 130. 7 = 131. 9 + 14. 6 + 58. 8 = 205. 3 STEP 7: Comparing the test statistic with critical value 205. 3 gt; 5. 3 STEP 8: Since the calculated value of X2 is greater than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. We therefore conclude that IT adoption is effective in the marketing activities of UBA, Enugu. HYPOTHESIS FOUR STEP 1: HO:The adoption of IT by UBA, Enugu does not enhance its patronage level. HI:The adoption of IT by UBA, Enugu enhances its patronage level. STEP 2: The statistical test is X2 = ? (oi – ei )2 / ei STEP 3: The level of significance used is 5%. That is 0. 05 STEP 4: The degree of freedom is given by (k – 1). That is, DF = (k – 1). Where K = Number of rows or columns STEP 5: The critical value is given as X2 = 7. 37776. This value was determined fro the table of Chi – square (X2) using the degree of freedom and level of significance. STEP 6: Computation of the test statistic using table 4. 1: TABLE 4. 1: |OPTIONS |Oi |Ei | |Strongly agreed 194 |98 | |Agreed |118 |98 | |Slightly agreed |27 |98 | |Disagreed |53 |98 | |Total |392 |392 | Where: oi = Observed frequency ei = Expected frequency To get the expected frequency, the researcher divided the total frequency by the number of options. Thus we have: ei = 392 / 4 = 98 X2 = ? (oi – ei )2 / ei = (194 – 98) 2 + (118 – 98) 2 + (27 – 98) 2 + (53 – 98) 2 98 = (96) 2 + (20) 2 + (- 71) 2 + (- 45) 2 98 = 94. 0 + 4. 1 + 51. 4 + 20. 7 = 170. 2 STEP 7: Comparing the test statistic with critical value 170. 2 gt; 7. 37776 STEP 8: Since the calculated value of X2 is greater than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. We therefore conclude that the adoption of IT by UBA, Enugu enhances its patronage level. CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 5. 1SUMMARY OF FINDINGS The summary of findings made for the purpose of this research study includes the following: There is a relationship between IT adoption and marketing of banking services. IT adoption by UBA, Enugu impacts on its growth and profitability. IT adoption is effective in the marketing activities of UBA, Enugu. The adoption of IT by UBA, Enugu enhances its patronage level. The poor infrastructural state of Nigeria affect IT adoption by UBA, Enugu. Computer anxiety affects the use of IT by UBA staffs. The maintenance cost of IT equipments affects its use by UBA, Enugu. IT adoption by UBA, Enugu aids it in serving its customers better than competitors. . RECOMMENDATIONS The following recommendations are made for the purpose of this research study: 1. Since there is a relationship between IT adoption and marketing of banking services, the researcher recommends that UBA, Enugu should improve on its IT adoption to further enhance its marketing activities. 2. Enugu state government should endeavo ur to improve the infrastructural facilities in the state as it affects IT adoption by the banking sector including UBA, Enugu. 3. UBA, Enugu should organize seminars for their staffs to broaden their knowledge on IT technology for efficiency in the use of this technology for customers’ satisfaction. 4. They should service their IT equipments (for instance, ATM Machines) regularly to ensure their efficiency and effectiveness. 5. They should aim to effectively satisfy their customers in their IT adoption. 5. 3CONCLUSION IT is the automation of processes, controls, and information production using computers, telecommunications, software and ancillary equipment such as automated teller machine and debit cards. It is a term that generally covers the harnessing of electronic technology for the Information needs of a business at all levels. It is becoming increasingly difficult, if not impossible, for banks employing traditional methods (manual methods) to compete favourably in the industry. The potential of the new information era to deliver financial services directly into people’s home is causing trepidation among the big retail banks. 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